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The Hydraulic Pile (or Hammer Mill)


A crucial object within the paper mill is the hydraulic pile, better known as the hammer mill. This machinery was essential for crushing fibrous materials such as linen, hemp, or cotton rags, turning them into fine pulp. The pile worked by using the force of water, which activated a mechanism for lifting and dropping heavy hammers onto a trough containing the materials to be processed. This process facilitated the disintegration of the textile fibers in preparation for paper making.
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The Papermaking Process at the Gaite Market Paper Mill


The Gaite Market Paper Mill is a fascinating example of historical reconstruction and practical demonstration of ancient papermaking techniques, typical of the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It is part of a broader event that seeks to relive and celebrate the ancient traditions and crafts of the past. The creation of paper in a historical paper mill like the one at the Gaite Market follows an intriguing process that harks back to methods and tools from centuries ago. Here are the main steps in this ancient process:


1. Collection and Preparation of Raw Materials
The first step in paper production is the collection of raw materials. Traditionally, this included scraps of linen, hemp, or cotton. These materials were collected, cut into pieces, and left to soak in water for several days to soften them and begin a fermentation process.


2. Pulverization
After soaking, the fabrics were cleaned and beaten to reduce them to a pulpy fibrous mash. In the past, this work was done manually or with the help of simple water-powered machinery, like pounding hammers that crushed and unraveled the fabric fibers.


3. Forming the Paper
The obtained pulp was then diluted in large water tanks. The papermaker, using a rectangular frame equipped with a metal mesh (known as a "mould"), would dip and lift the mould in the water, managing to capture a uniform layer of fibers on the surface of the mesh. This layer, once drained of excess water, formed the future paper.


4. Pressing and Drying
The paper sheet, still very wet, was transferred (often with the help of felt to better absorb moisture) onto a flat surface where it was pressed to remove residual water. Subsequently, the sheets were hung or laid out on frames in well-ventilated places to dry completely.


5. Finishing
Once dry, the paper sheets could undergo further treatments to improve their quality or characteristics. These treatments included smoothing, to make the surface smoother, and the addition of starches or gelatines to make it less porous and more suitable for writing or printing.


6. Cutting and Packaging
The final step was cutting the sheets into the desired sizes and possibly packaging them. The paper thus produced was ready to be sold or used.


The papermaking process at the Gaite Market Paper Mill is not only a demonstration of ancient craft skills but also a cultural activity that helps preserve and spread the knowledge of historical production techniques. The charm of this tradition lies in its ability to connect us with the past, showing the ingenuity and creativity of artisans of yore.
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The creation of fabric in the silk workshop


Rearing of Silkworms
Silkworm Selection and Care: The process begins with the careful selection of silkworms, which are then raised on a diet of fresh mulberry leaves. This stage is crucial as the health and diet of the silkworms directly affect the quality of the silk they produce.
Harvesting of Cocoons: Once the silkworms have spun their cocoons, these are carefully collected. The cocoons are the raw material for silk thread and must be kept intact and clean.


Reeling the Silk
Cocoon Selection and Preparation: The cocoons are sorted, and those suitable for reeling are softened in warm water to loosen the sericin (silk gum). This makes the silk filament easier to unwind.


Reeling Process: The softened cocoons are then reeled. This involves unwinding the silk filament from the cocoon and combining several filaments to create a single, stronger thread. This process is delicate and requires a steady hand and keen attention to maintain an even thickness.


Twisting and Spinning
Twisting: The reeled silk threads are then twisted to give them the desired strength and texture. The Gaite workshop features a unique human-powered twisting machine, based on a medieval design, which is used for this purpose.
Spinning: The twisted silk threads may be further spun to refine their texture and prepare them for weaving. This step ensures the threads are of uniform size and strength.


Weaving
Preparing the Loom: The loom is set up with the warp threads, which are arranged vertically. The quality and arrangement of the warp affect the final texture and pattern of the fabric.
Weaving Process: The weft thread is then woven horizontally through the warp threads using a shuttle. This process can range from simple to complex, depending on the desired pattern of the fabric. Skilled weavers manipulate the loom to create intricate designs and textures in the silk fabric.


Finishing Touches
Washing and Drying: The woven fabric is washed to remove any remaining sericin and impurities, and then dried. This step enhances the silk's natural sheen and softness.
Inspection and Repair: The fabric is carefully inspected for any flaws or irregularities. Minor repairs and adjustments are made to ensure the highest quality.


Dyeing and Decoration (Optional)
Dyeing: Depending on the end use of the fabric, it may be dyed using natural or synthetic dyes to achieve vibrant colors.
Decoration: Additional decorative elements, such as embroidery or printing, can be added to further embellish the silk fabric.
The silk workshop at the Mercato delle Gaite not only produces exquisite silk fabrics but also serves as a living museum, preserving and showcasing the ancient art of silk making. Through each step, from the meticulous care of silkworms to the skillful weaving of threads, the workshop honors the rich heritage of medieval craftsmanship.
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The painting process


The painting process used by the painters of the Mercato delle Gaite reflects the techniques and materials typical of the medieval period, an era in which art was intimately linked to craftsmanship and deep knowledge of natural materials. Let's describe the process step by step, highlighting the uniqueness of this artistic approach.


Preparation of the Panel


Selection and Preparation of the Support: The process begins with the selection of a suitable wood, often poplar, for its fineness and durability. The surface of the panel is then smoothed and prepared with a layer of gypsum and animal glue. This preparation creates a white and even surface, ready to receive the pigments.


Preliminary Drawing: On the prepared support, the artist executes a preliminary drawing of the work, often using charcoal or chalk. This serves as a guide for the subsequent application of colors.


Preparation of the Colors


Mixing of the Pigments: The pigments, obtained from minerals, plants, or synthetic materials, are mixed with a binder to create the tempera. The most used binder is egg yolk, which gives brightness and durability to the colors.


Application of the Colors: The colors are applied to the panel following the preliminary drawing. The artist proceeds by chromatic areas, starting from the lighter shades to the darker ones, to define volumes and details.


Finishing


Gilding and Decorations: Gold elements and decorations are added to enrich the work, especially in sacred representations, giving the composition a divine and luminous dimension.


Varnishing: Once the painting is completed, a protective varnish is applied to preserve the colors over time and add visual depth to the work.
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The process of the creation of candles


The creation of candles in the candle workshop of the Gaite Market is a process that evokes ancient techniques, primarily using pure beeswax, a material appreciated for its ability to burn cleanly and for its pleasant natural scent. This artisanal procedure unfolds in various stages, each requiring precision and care. Here is how the process takes place:


Preparation of the Wax
The process begins with the selection of high-quality beeswax. The wax is then melted in a special container, maintaining a constant temperature to prevent it from burning or overheating. The melting occurs slowly to ensure a homogeneous consistency without impurities.


Preparation of the Wick
Simultaneously, the wicks are prepared, being cut to the desired length. The wicks can be made of cotton or other natural materials resistant to heat. These are then dipped in the melted wax to impregnate them and make them more resistant during burning.


Formation of the Candles
Once the wax has reached the desired temperature and consistency, the formation of the candles proceeds. This can occur in different ways:


Dipping: The prepared wicks are repeatedly dipped in the melted wax, allowing each dipping to cool before the next. This process is repeated many times until the desired thickness of the candle is achieved.
Molding: Alternatively, the wax can be poured into molds or forms that contain the wick positioned in the center. Once the wax solidifies, the candle is extracted from the mold.


Finishing
After cooling, the candles may require additional finishing. This includes rounding and smoothing the candles by dipping them in warm water and pressing them between two wooden boards to achieve a smooth and uniform surface.


Creation of the "Duplero"
A unique aspect of the Gaite Market candle workshop is the production of the “duplero,” a candle characterized by a double flame and double duration thanks to the presence of two wicks. This type of candle requires a particular technique in the arrangement of the wicks and in the formation of the candle to ensure that the two flames burn evenly.


Quality Control
Finally, each candle is subjected to careful quality control to verify that it burns correctly and evenly. Only candles that pass this control are destined for sale.


This meticulous process not only ensures the production of high-quality candles but also preserves an ancient artisanal tradition, connecting people with the techniques and knowledge of the past.
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Pressing.


After the 'mail' was made, it was pressed in a screw press. This operation reduced the water content by 50 %, allowing the sheet to detach from the felt by 'pinching'.
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Circular twisting machine


Six threads taken together are twisted in the circular human-powered twisting machine, a reconstructed and working XXII machine.
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Drying.


After being pressed, the sheets are detached and placed to dry on a 'drying rack' or on hemp ropes. This could take several days depending on weather conditions.
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Machining module.


The 'machining module' is the tool for making the sheet. It consists of the 'cascio' and the 'forme'. The 'cascio' is a wooden frame that delimits the surface and thickness of the sheet, while the 'forma' is a frame where bronze or copper threads called 'verghe' or 'vergelle' were bound.
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The Basin


In the double copper pot, beeswax is melted using a double boiler. Indeed, the larger container is filled with water, while the smaller one is immersed in the larger one. Thanks to the heat, the beeswax begins to melt. The copper basin manages to maintain a constant
temperature, thus protecting the raw material.
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The Ladle


With the ladle, the wax craftsman can work beeswax and begin to pour it over the wick. There are multiple steps to be taken to obtain the candle, and that's why a bond of collaboration and protection arises between the ladle and the wax craftsman. Every wax craftsman is very jealous of their ladle.
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The Silkworm


The silkworm intent on eating the leaves of the mulberry tree as an adult closes itself in the cocoon, from which the precious silk thread will be extracted.
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The Warper


Calculate the measurements of the fabric as many threads will pass through the warper pins in length and width
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The Wax


In the candle workshop, only natural beeswax is used. It is this material that makes the workshop fascinating and mysterious. Its unmistakable scent and softness make the candle an object from another era. The beeswax is slowly melted until it becomes liquid, and thanks to the use of the double boiler method, it retains its yellowish color.
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The Weaving Loom


This antique and original loom once prepared, with careful work, by interweaving the warp threads with the weft thread we obtain the precious silk cloth.
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The Wheel


Once the complete melting of the wax is achieved, wicks, already prepared by hand with hemp wick, wetted with water, and of lengths corresponding to the desired candle size, are hung on a wheel. The wheel, equipped with 56 teeth to which an equal number of wicks are attached, is rotated by the wax craftsman. While turning the wheel with one hand, the craftsman pours the liquid wax over the wicks with the other. Layer by layer, slowly, the candle is formed.
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In the 1300s, the preparation of wooden panels for painting was a meticulous and elaborate process, essential for creating durable works of art. Using old pieces of thin linen immersed in water and animal glue, the panel was covered as if it were a collage, thus creating an initial barrier between the wood and the paint.
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In the kaleidoscope of colors in the painter's workshop, one of the most precious elements alongside ultramarine blue was the gold leaf. Tiny, extremely thin gold pieces were applied, preferably without overlapping, on the board previously brushed with Armenian bole and polished to a mirror finish with precious stones like agate.
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In this workshop, one witnesses the various phases of the tempera on wood technique and unveils the secrets of the art of painting. Here, panels are prepared, binders based on egg yolk, brushes, and mixes of colors that will then be used to represent the typical characters of the medieval era.
Among the other crafts produced by the workshop, there is also the working of iron, the mint, and the making of stringed instruments, expertly carried out by the hands of artisans who mint coins, produce musical instruments, and forge incandescent iron with hammer blows.
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To ensure the longevity of the artwork, artisans, after applying the linen, treated the surface of the panel with a mixture of water and gypsum. Initially, they used coarse gypsum and then progressed to increasingly finer gypsum, brushing in every direction for multiple layers until achieving a perfectly smooth surface. First, with a spatula to remove the excess, and then with slightly dampened linen, they finely sanded it to make it homogeneous.
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In medieval painting, pigments were the colored threads that brought imagination to life on canvases and walls, such as ultramarine blue, extracted from the rare and expensive lapis lazuli stone. Its deep blue shades adorned the garments of saints and the skies in religious scenes, symbolizing divinity and paradise. Obtaining this pigment was a challenging task, requiring meticulous extraction and grinding of the precious stone, making it a symbol of prestige and luxury on the artist's palette.
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In the evocative atmosphere of yesteryear, Bevagna, one of Italy's Most Beautiful Villages, guards the traces of its history.
The first memories are lost in the Iron Age, but it is in Roman times that "Mevania" becomes the fulcrum of the great road system of the Via Flaminia, a thriving and functional center, thanks also to the trade that took place through the circuit of the waters that bathe it, with the rivers Clitunno, Teverone, Timia, Attone.
Roman soul first, medieval heart later, the village remains mostly faithful to the Church, as evidenced by the municipal coat of arms depicting the cross, the decussate keys of the Church and the initials OSF (ob servatam fidem).
Take a journey through time, from the Archaic Epoch, through the Roman Period and the Middle Ages, to the present day.


Filippo Silvestri Square is the heart of the village. From here branch off to visit the rest of the historic center, to discover the enchantment of the waters that surround it, such as the ancient public washhouse of the Accolta where the Clitunno River forms a waterfall or the circular path of Lake Aiso, immersed in the green countryside, whose waters have aroused interest and fascination since ancient times. Continuing the route outside the walls not to be missed, other gems such as the three castles of Limigiano, Torre del Colle and Castelbuono, which, perched on the surrounding hills, preserve their architectural layout intact and walking through their ancient walls seems to lose oneself in history, in an era out of time.
Its characteristic irregular shape makes it one of Umbria's most beautiful medieval squares. The central nineteenth-century fountain and the Roman column with Corinthian capital emphasize its unusual setting. Discover the civil and religious buildings that face it.
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In this workshop, candles are made from pure beeswax. The creation process is slow, starting from the melting of the wax to the creation of the "duplero," a particular artifact characterized by a double flame and double duration. Candles were produced in workshops for religious use, or by successive immersions in tallow, or even for everyday use. The candles thus obtained were rounded and smoothed by immersion in warm water and subsequent pressure between two wooden planks.
Among the other crafts carried out by the workshop, there is also that of the apothecary, accompanied by the laboratories of the distillery and herbalism.
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In this workshop, one can discover the silk production cycle from the rearing of silkworms on mulberry leaves to the reeling of the cocoons, up to the twisting of the thread. This is done in the large human-powered twisting machine, the first complex operational machine ever built by humans. It was recreated by the Gaite by faithfully reconstructing the model contained in a medieval treatise, making it today the only functioning example in the world of a circular silk-twisting machine powered by human energy.


Among the other crafts performed by the workshop is also the cultivation and production of hemp, with the processes of maceration and processing of the fibers to then be passed through looms by expert spinners and, completing the cycle, the processing of wool, also followed in all its phases, from shearing and carding to spinning.
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In this workshop, the steps, that lead to the production of bambagina paper sheets, are recounted. In the small spaces that characterize the environment, it is possible to admire all the tools and processes of the time with which the old rags were processed to obtain the precious material, including the water-powered machine, and the hydraulic pile with multiple hammers. The rags (slang for "cenci") were shredded and cut into strips, soaked and soaked in lime, the resulting mush was then compacted into sheets that were pressed, dried and finally treated with animal glue. The finished and selected product was marketed in reams and disseminated to a qualified user base.
Other trades made by the workshop included foundry and glassmaking, from producing glass paste to shaping the final shape.
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The Molds
The molds are tools made of a rectangular frame and a metal mesh or another type of porous material. They were used to collect the paper pulp from the dilution tank. The papermaker would immerse the mold into the tank, lifting it with a smooth motion to capture a uniform layer of pulp on the surface of the mesh. Once the excess water was drained, the sheet of paper would begin to take shape. This tool required great skill and precision to ensure the quality and uniformity of the paper sheets.


The Felts
The felts are another essential object in the paper-making process. They were used to absorb moisture from the fresh paper sheets during pressing and drying. After a sheet was formed with the mold, it was gently transferred onto a felt. Multiple sheets were stacked, alternating with felts, and then the whole "sandwich" was placed under a press to remove the residual water. The felts helped keep the sheets flat and prevented them from sticking together.


The Press
The press was a fundamental device for removing residual water from the paper sheets stacked between the felts. It could be a screw press, manually operated, which strongly compressed the layers of paper and felt. This process not only helped dry the paper but also contributed to making it more compact and smooth. The press represented the final step before air drying and completed the delicate process of transforming the pulp into usable paper.
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## Tour ### Description ### Title tour.name = Folk Art and culture virtual tour - Mercato delle Gaite